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The management of fluctuating blood glucose levels in athletes with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is crucial for both safety and performance during training, sport and competition. Low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) is a major barrier to most forms of exercise, but activity-related high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) can also occur with some forms of intense exercise and when insulin dose adjustments are suboptimal for exercise. Continuous glucose monitors (CGM) offer real-time insights into interstitial glucose levels, as a proxy for circulating blood glucose concentrations, for these individuals and their coaching and support teams. Endurance and resistance training present unique challenges in glucose self-management for physically active individuals with T1D, as aerobic exercise generally decreases glucose levels while anaerobic exercise keeps glucose more stable or can increase it. With competition, glucose levels may rise because of stress hormones, but then glucose levels can drop into the hypoglycemic range (low blood glucose levels) in recovery. Proactive blood glucose measures guided by CGM are critical. CGM data helps to inform carbohydrate intake strategies for training and competition, and to help guide more appropriate insulin adjustments for different forms of activity (e.g., aerobic, anaerobic, mixed), with the primary goal of reducing the occurrence of both hypo- and hyperglycemia.
Course Objectives
Course
Credits
Course Expiration
ACSM
1
02/25/2028
BOC
1
02/25/2028
Commission on Dietetic Registration
1.25
03/03/2028
CSCCa
1
02/25/2028
Sexual reproduction is one of the most notable sex differences. During puberty girls experience menarche, which signals the ‘official start’ of the menstrual cycle and persists until menopause. During the menstrual cycle, the ovarian hormones oestrogen and progesterone fluctuate in a predictable repeating pattern, although it should be noted that there is large inter- and intra-individual variability in cycle length and hormone levels. Aside from their paradigmatic roles, oestrogen and progesterone have been shown to have non-reproductive functions. As such, the menstrual cycle has developed - over the last century - into a topic of interest for female athletes from a health and performance perspective.
Course Objectives
Course
Credits
Course Expiration
ACSM
1
02/13/2028
BOC
1
02/13/2028
Commission on Dietetic Registration
1
02/10/2028
CSCCa
1
02/13/2028
